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The Economic Feasibility Study Free Essays

The economic feasibility study of a project is an estimate of the potential profitability of that project, or a study that measures the expected benefits from a certain project relative to its cost (Johnson and McCarthy, 2001; Wong et al., 1999). Examples of construction projects include highways, tunnels, bridges, water mains, dams, sewage systems, water treatment plants, power generation plants and pipeline networks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Economic Feasibility Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Infrastructure projects can be classified as large construction projects that utilize vast amount of resources in terms of money, materials, labor, equipment and time (Salman et al., 2007; Kulkarni et al., 2004; Morley, 2002). Economic feasibility studies need to be conducted prior to the construction of infrastructure facilities due to the ponderous disbursement on infrastructure projects which needs to be weighed against the expected benefits resulting from these projects to the public and the national economy. However, Owner decision makers and financial institutions build their decisions to proceed with and/or finance any project based on the results of the feasibility study of that project (Abou-Zeid et al., 2007; Vancas, 2003)in other to ensurethat the validity of economic feasibility studies of infrastructure projects is a vital step in ascertaining decisions related to the construction of infrastructure facilities are based on consistent and standard procedures that avoid the use of misleading or inadequate information. Economic benefits include the profits the project owners earned, taxes that are paid to the governments, benefits to the clients etc. Theoretical Framework Theoretical framework for the study is based on cost-benefit analysis of a construction project. Inability of the quantity surveyor to properly ascertain if a project is viable can lead to loses or project failure. The analysis is to determine the success factor, risk assessment and management, repition of project scoping and scaling, estimate the financial return, and select possible project options through the use of cost benefit analysis. Therefore a major theoretical approach that will be used for the study is to examine the cost-benefit of a construction project. Cost-Benefit of Construction Projects The major cause of project failure is described as the variation or deviation from the original project plan. Project monitoring and control could only effect corrective actions to bring deviated project plans on course, but failed to be mindfulness of identifying and analyzing the root causes of such variations. Also project monitoring and control are not final cost and time effective to implement. Therefore, this study intends to fill those gaps created by project monitoring and control. Oberlender (2000) in his reports states that there is proneness for some designers to make changes during design in order to please clients without regard to the effect on these changes on the project final cost and schedule. He furthermore by saying that changes can be catalogued as either project development or scope growth. Project development relates to changes that are needed to give consideration to the scope as currently defined scope growth relates to changes that alter the projects original scope; the scope that was approved before starting the design process. These changes, though inevitable usually add final cost and time to the original design. The usual practice is that the lead designers must develop a system of monitoring the design effort to ensure that work is progressing without excessive billable hours, but is still producing adequately defined plans and specifications for the contractors to execute the work during construction. Though this will reduce the contractor’s complaints of pretty drawings in construction that are full of error and lack constructability, they will still add to final cost and time of the project. This study favors’ identifying the prominent factors responsible for scope growth and other variations in plans, address them accordingly before the final project design with a view of mitigation or eliminating the negative effects. Therefore It is compulsory that every propose change must be subjected to a formal review and approval process that considers final cost and schedule implications as well as the quality specification and standards; plus consequential effects on other activities. The authority to approve changes during design must be limited. It is a fact of life that changes the variations in plans occur during the implementation stages of project and they might result to project failure if not properly rectified. nevertheless project managers need to be always ready to address the problems. The earned-values system presented by Oberlender (2000) can be determined by multiplying the percent complete times the budgeted designed hours for each task. The earned-value can be compared to actual design-hours billed to the job and the planned design-hours to measure the performance of the design process. Earned-value = Percent complete x Budget for that account Percentage completion = Actual final cost or work-hours to date Forecast at completion For the determination of the overall project percent complete, therefore; Percent complete = Earned work-hours/Naira all accounts Budget work-hours/Naira all accounts Final cost performance index (CPI) = Sum of earned work-hours of task included Sum of actual work-hours of task include Schedule performance index SPI = Sum of earned work-hours to date Sum of scheduled work-hours to day Scheduled variance (SV) Earned work hours or naira-Budgeted work Hours or Naira SV = BCWP – BCWS Final cost Variance (CV) = Earned work-hours or Naira-Actual work-hours or Naira CPI = BCWP – ACWP Where BCWP = Budgeted final cost of work performed BCWS = Budgeted final cost for work scheduled ACWP = Actual final cost of work performed CPI = final cost performance index problems. The original final cost estimate is the budget actual final cost (BAC) in the earned-value analysis. Therefore, if the original final cost estimate for the project is incorrect, then all progress measurements during execution of the project would be measured against an incorrect budget. The system of recording final costs charged against the job must be consistent to provide realistic comparisons from one reporting period to another. Also the method of measuring work completed must be consistently applied from one reporting period to another, otherwise the predicted status of the job will vary widely. Each project must be assessed based on the unique circumstance and conditions that apply to the project in order to use the earned-value system to manage the project. The partial list of items that can cause the final cost or schedule to vary from the original project plan are presented by Oberlender (2000) as follows: estimating errors, technical problems, design errors, test data problems, constructability and equipment problems, scope control (change orders), management problems, personnel skill level, resource availability organization structure, economic/inflation, delay material deliveries, delay equipment deliveries, poor production rates, subcontractors interference and delay, act of God (weather, fire, flood etc). Telsang (2004) also observes that the following affects plan; non availability of materials due to shortages or late delivery, plant, equipment and machine breakdown, change in demand, design and rush orders, absenteeism of workers, and lack of communication among various functional areas of business. In a similar vein, variation factors of quality plans are usually described as assignable variation. According to Stevenson (2002), unlike natural variation, the main sources of assignable variation can usually be identified (assigned to a specific cause) and eliminated. He further states that; tool wear, equipments that needs adjustment, defective materials, human factors (carelessness, fatigue, noise and other distractions, failure to follow correct procedures and so on) and problems with measuring devices are typical sources of assignable variation. Some challenges faced by the analysis includes: The poor awareness of the importance of feasibility/viability analysis Benefits are not easily quantifiable in terms of social, economic and environmental benefit. The scope of feasibility/viability was poorly judged. How to cite The Economic Feasibility Study, Papers

Spiritual Assessment Tool free essay sample

Tool Health care providers who can recognize a patient’s spiritual needs pertaining to their mental health care, this is spiritual assessment. With resources and needs of spirituality have a large impact on the beliefs on the healthcare outcomes and resolution of accurate spiritual assessment. Due to the professionalism of my job Spiritual assessment isReligion and spirituality in health careThis first paragraph is your introduction paragraph. This paragraph will explain to your audience the importance and reason for a spiritual assessment of patients in the health care setting. In addition, the introduction paragraph sets up the outline of your paper as you will further explain to your audience that your will use a spiritual assessment tool and provide a spiritual assessment interview in this paper to example to your audience how this works, with an analysis of those results. Remember that any paragraph in an APA paper is required to be at least three sentences long and your thesis sentence should be the last sentence in this paragraph Spiritual Assessment Tool I have provided info on six different spiritual assessment tool possibilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Spiritual Assessment Tool or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I want you to research and pick out one of these. Explain in this section, which tool you choose and why your chose this tool. Interview Explain who you are interviewing and why you chose that person Question #1 Provide your question here Include your interviewee’s response here Question #2 Provide your question here Include your interviewee’s response here Question #3 Provide your question here Include your interviewee’s response here Question #4 Provide your question here Include your interviewee’s response here Question #5 Provide your question here Include your interviewee’s response here Analysis In this section, your analysis you will speak to the four requirements of: What went well in your interview? What would you do differently in the future? Were there any barriers or challenges that inhibited your ability to complete the assessment tool? How would you address these in the future or change your assessment to better address these challenges? Also discuss if you were doing this in a hospital setting what barriers you would expect to encounter). Describe the spiritual experience you had with your patient, family member, or friend using this tool. How does this tool allow you to better meet the needs of your patient?

20 Elapsed Time Word Problems

20 Elapsed Time Word Problems Elapsed time is the amount of time that passes between the beginning and the end of an event. The concept of elapsed time fits nicely in the elementary school curriculum. Beginning in third grade, students should be able to tell and write time to the nearest minute and solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of time. Reinforce these essential skills with the following elapsed time word problems and games. Elapsed Time Word Problems These quick and easy elapsed time word problems are perfect for parents and teachers who want  to help students practice elapsed time to the nearest minute with simple mental math problems. Answers are listed below. Sam and his mom arrive at the doctor’s office at 2:30 p.m. They  see the doctor at 3:10 p.m. How long was  their wait?Dad says dinner will be ready in 35 minutes. It’s 5:30 p.m. now. What time will dinner be ready?Becky is meeting her friend at the library at 12:45 p.m. It takes her 25 minutes to get to the library. What time will she need to leave her house to arrive on time?Ethan’s birthday party started at 4:30 p.m. The last guest left at 6:32 p.m. How long did Ethan’s party last?Kayla put cupcakes in the oven at 3:41 p.m. The directions say that the cupcakes need to bake for 38 minutes. What time will Kayla need to take them out of the oven?Dakota arrived at school at 7:59 a.m. He left at 2:33 p.m. How long was Dakota at school?Dylan started working on homework at 5:45 p.m. It took him 1 hour and 57 minutes to complete it. What time did Dylan complete his homework?Dad arrives home at 4:50 p.m.  He left work 40 minutes ago. What time did Dad get o ff work?  Jessica’s family is traveling from Atlanta, Georgia to New York by plane. Their flight leaves at 11:15 a.m. and should take 2 hours and 15 minutes. What time will their plane arrive in New York? Jordan got to football practice at 7:05 p.m. Steve showed up 11 minutes later. What time did Steve get to practice?Jack ran a marathon in 2 hours and 17 minutes. He crossed the finish line at 10:33 a.m. What time did the race start?Marci was babysitting for her cousin.  Her cousin was gone for  3 hours and 40 minutes. Marci left at 9:57 p.m. What time did  she start babysitting?  Caleb and his friends went to see a movie at 7:35 p.m. They left at 10:05 p.m. How long was the movie?Francine got to work at 8:10 a.m. She left at 3:45 p.m. How long did Francine work?Brandon went to bed at 9:15 p.m. It took him 23 minutes to fall asleep. What time did Brandon fall asleep?Kelli  had to wait  in a long, slow-moving  line to purchase a popular new video game that was just released. She got in line at 9:15 a.m. She left with the game at 11:07 a.m. How long did Kelli wait in line?Jaydon went to batting practice Saturday morning at 8:30 a.m. He left at 11:42 a.m. How long was he at batting practice?Ashton got behind on her reading assignment, so she had to read  four chapters last night. She started at 8:05 p.m. and finished at 9:15 p.m. How long did it take Ashton to catch up on her assignment? Natasha has a dentist appointment at 10:40 a.m. It should last 35 minutes. What time will she finish?Mrs. Kennedy’s 3rd-grade class is going to the aquarium on a field trip. They are scheduled to arrive at 9:10 a.m. and leave at 1:40 p.m. How long will they spend at the aquarium? Elapsed Time Games Try these games and activities at home to help your children practice elapsed time. Daily Schedule Let your children keep track of their schedule and ask them to figure the  elapsed time for each activity. For example, how long did your child spend eating breakfast, reading, taking a bath, or playing video games? How Long Will It Take? Give your kids practice with elapsed time by encouraging them to figure out how long daily activities take. For example, the next time you order a pizza online or by phone, youll probably be given an estimated delivery time. Use that information to create a word problem thats relevant to your childs life, such as, Its 5:40 p.m. now and the pizza shop says the pizza will be here at 6:20 p.m. How long will it take for the pizza to arrive? Time Dice Order a set of time dice from online retailers or teacher supply stores. The set  contains two twelve-sided dice, one with numbers representing the hours and the other with numbers representing minutes. Take turns rolling the time dice with your child. Each player should roll twice, then calculate the elapsed time between the two resulting dice times. (A pencil and paper will come in handy, as youll want to jot down the time of the first roll.) Elapsed Time Word Problem Answers 40 minutes6:05 p.m.12:20 p.m.  2 hours and 2 minutes4:19 p.m.6 hours and 34 minutes7:42 p.m.4:10 p.m.1:30 p.m.7:16 p.m.8:16 a.m.6:17 p.m.2 hours and 30 minutes7 hours and 35 minutes9:38 p.m.1 hour and 52 minutes3 hours and 12 minutes1 hour and 10 minutes11:15 a.m.4 hours and 30 minutes

Nabopolassar Babylonian King

Nabopolassar Babylonian King Definition: Nabopolassar was the first king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from November 626 - August 605 B.C. He had been general in a revolt against Assyria after the Assyrian king Assurbanipal died in 631. Nabopolassar was made king on November 23, 626*. In 614, the Medes, led by Cyaxares ([Uvakhshatra] king of the Umman Manda), conquered Assur, and the Babylonians under Nabopolassar joined forces with them. In 612, in the Battle of Ninevah, Nabopolassar of Babylonia, with the assistance of the Medes, destroyed Assyria. The new Babylonian empire incorporated Babylonians, Assyrians, and Chaldeans, and was an ally of the Medes. Nabopolasars empire extended from the Persian Gulf to Egypt. Nabopolassar restored the temple of the sun god Shamash st Sippar, according to Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. Nabopolassar was the father of Nebuchadnezzar. For information on the Babylonian Chronicles which has source material on the Babylonian king, see Livius: Mesopotamian Chronicles. * The Babylonian Chronicle, by David Noel Freedman The Biblical Archaeologist  © 1956 The American Schools of Oriental Research Also,  see  A.T. Olmsteads History of the Persian Empire. Examples: The Nabopolassar Chronicle, which was published by C. J. Gadd in 1923, covers the events around the time of the fall of Ninevah. It is based on a cuneiform text in the British Museum (B.M. 21901) that is known as the Babylonian Chronicle.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eisenhower's Farewell Address - Essay Example The Pentagon is the headquarters of the Department of Defence. Much of the focus of the complex is on this institution as this is where the money goes and the decisions are made. This was especially true during the height of the Cold War when the U.S. faced an existential threat from the Soviet Union, and members of the complex could use fear to strengthen their arguments. These groups not only felt that America needed to spend more on the military to survive, they also wanted more money spent so that they themselves could be enriched. Many of these programs would not have been a good use of taxpayers funds. For Eisenhower, this was unacceptable. He valued a strong national defence policy, but he was concerned that defence spending was taking over and that it was eating into other programs. He knew that for America to be strong it needed both a powerful military and also the social and cultural programs that made it a beacon of freedom to the world. He believed that too much power in the hands of the military-industrial complex would have negative consequences. Work consulted Bowie, Robert R. and Richard H. Immerman. (1998). Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. Oxford University Press.

ODD and CD Risk Factors Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ODD and CD Risk Factors - Term Paper Example The symptoms are: arguing with adults, loss of temper, refuse to obey rules, vindictive, low self-esteem, hold others responsible for their mistakes, angry and annoys people deliberately. Risk Factors Male children and teenagers are more prone to acquiring the disorder than their female counterparts. These children mostly are raised by parents who have a substance abuse problem, moody or with attention deficit. Marital conflicts coupled with child abuse are other factors that increase chances of acquiring ODD. Low socioeconomic status is also noted to contribute and lastly the presence of an inconsistent parental attention. Many researchers maintain that ODD is a benign disorder. Children suffering from ODD are associated with low intelligence and hence are poor academic performers. However, this does not mean that highly intelligent children do not exhibit conduct problems. Due to the hostility aspect exhibited by ODD children they likely end up with poor social lives. Their delinqu ent nature lands them usually in trouble with authorities. In respect to neurochemicals and their relationship with ODD development, studies have shown that low levels of salivary cortisol have a huge correlation with ODD. There is also evidence of genetic attributes liable for ODD. This is where family negativity links up well with antisocial behaviours mostly at the adolescent stage. In order to identify the progressive nature of the disorder in a child one is required to examine them through discussions, talk to their parent(s) and research on their medical past records. Other tests are also necessary so as to determine that it is actually ODD and not any other disorder or problem. This is necessitated by the fact that ODD manifests itself among other neuropsychiatric disorders (Boden, Fergusson & Horwood, 2010). This is in other words termed as comorbidity and examples are ODD coupled with depression and ODD and ADHD. Case disorder Douglas is now 18 years old and is in high scho ol. He is fully rehabilitated from drugs and is seemingly quite happy with the way life is going. However, life as it is has turned for the better for a boy whose life remained a nightmare for him and those around him since he was 12 years old. At this age he started being hot tempered especially when he was denied to go for dances by his parents. He was suspended at the 8th grade after fighting with other children. After returning to school he took up a lifestyle of bullying others and later swore at a judge. He was taken to a Youth Centre for 3 months where he assaulted a guard and got an extension to 7 months. After returning home he decided that was it and unsuccessfully attempted to hang himself. It was later found that apart from having ODD he was also a deeply depressed teenager. Conduct Disorder This is regarded by many researchers as a higher version of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The one suffering from this disorder hugely curtails the right of others in a social settin g. They tend to be quite aggressive to people and animals. They bully and intimidate them, physically harm others, force others into sexual acts and engage in stealing mostly by confronting their victims. They destroy property deliberately e.g. by setting it on fire and other such destructive measures. They are deceitful and act as thieves by breaking into houses. They often lie to get what they want and involve themselves in petty thefts (Harley, Murtagh and Cannon, 2008). They seriously violate rules